The aim of the present work was to investigate the deleterious effects of the first dose of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on the female genital system of cats. The study was conducted on 315 cats of different breeds who received their first dose (75 mg) of MPA as a contraceptive. Complete animal identification and stage of estrus were documented at admission. Physical, radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations were done on cats that expressed deleterious manifestations. All of the presented cats received an overdose of MPA during the estrous phase of the estrous cycle. Out of 315 cats who received their first dose of MPA, 27 (8.6 %) demonstrated varied deleterious effects related to the female genital system. Deleterious effects were reported within 15–90 days, including pyometra (n=10, 37.0%), endometritis (n=8, 29.6%), mammary gland hyperplasia (n=4, 14.8 %), cystic endometrial hyperplasia (n=3, 11.2%) and ovarian cyst (n=2, 7.4%). The incidence of these adverse effects increased with age. Persian cats seem to be more susceptible than other cat breeds. Long haired cat breeds seem to be more susceptible to adverse effects following injection of exogenous progestins (MPA) than short haired breeds (Siamese and Egyptian mau). Deleterious effects of MPA occurred following the first overdose. It is advised to use MPA as a contraceptive in the recommended dose during the inter-estrous or anestrous phase.

Lumpy skin disease virus is a member of the genus Capripoxvirus within the Poxviridae family that infects cattle and causes considerable economic losses. Providing a suitable cell culture for virus propagation is essential goal to be used for virus isolation and vaccine production. The present work deals with a novel cell culture, the ovine lamb heart (OLH), to investigate its benefit for LSDV propagation in comparison with the use of African green monkey kidney cells and Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell cultures. Ten serial passages of The Lumpy skin disease virus in each cell culture revealed a similar cytopathic effect recorded in the peak virus titer (6.0, 5.5, and 5.0 Log10 TCID50/ml in OLH, Vero, and MDBK cell cultures, respectively) by the 6th day post-cell infection at the time of harvest of the highest titer by studying the virus growth curve in each cell culture. The virus neutralization test (VNT) and direct fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) using specific anti-LSDV sera confirmed the presence of all used cell cultures. Therefore, it was concluded that OLH cell culture is suitable for the propagation of LSDV, and more research is needed to evaluate its use for vaccine preparation.

Retained placenta is still one of the major problems facing dairy farms, and up until now, haematological and biochemical changes related to the condition of retained placenta have been mysterious. Our study aimed to screen the presumptive serum biochemical and haematological alterations in relation to the pathogenesis of retained placenta in dairy Holstein heifers. Twenty heifers were used in this study; ten of them suffered from retained placenta, and the others were kept under control as they expelled their placenta within the reference time range after parturition. Concerning serum biochemical changes, heifers affected by retained placenta suffered from disturbances in the redox state and exhaustion of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. In addition, the serum concentration of anti-inflammatory interleukin-13 was increased in association with an elevated level of serum mucin-1, C-reactive protein and alpha-1 anti-trypsin in these heifers. Also, retained placenta induced a decrement in the serum levels of inteleukin-8 (IL-8), prostaglandin F-2 alpha (PGF-2a) and an increment in the serum level of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE-2). Moreover, serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and creatine kinase enzyme activity were elevated in heifers with retained placentas. Haematological results did not show any significant change in RBCs count, haemoglobin concentration, hematocrit%, or platelet count between the two groups. Controversially, the total leukocytic count, granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes counts were elevated in cows with retained placentas. In conclusion, the retained placenta condition is accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammatory disturbances that directly affect the metabolic and hormonal states of dairy heifers.

This is the first study in Mosul to use genetic sequencing technology to diagnose and document the type, strain, and genotype of Trichomonos gallinae in racing pigeons. It was distinguished by the geographical sequence of Mosul, Iraqi city. Thirty isolates of T. gallinae were chosen from a total of 56 that had been molecularly characterized to examine the extent to which these isolates matched in terms of genetic sequencing. The DNA from the T. gallinae parasite was extracted, and the master mix for all of the polymerization reaction components was created based on the needed quantities of the reaction components for each sample. The acquired sequences were matched to known sequences in databases to determine the trichomonos species parasite and strain responsible for the infection. The results of the DNA sequencing examination revealed that after the polymerase chain reaction amplification products were sent to Macrogen, Korea, to determine the genetic variation of the local strains, the products of the small subunit rRNA-Gene and the reaction product of bp 194 of the Trichomonos gallinae parasite were sent to the National Centre for Biotechnology Information, NCBI Gen Bank, for recording. Based on the small partial ribosomal RNA according to blast in GenBank of the NCBI, the percentage of match in the genetic sequence was 100% between the genetic sequence in Mosul and the genetic sequences in Brazil and Portugal. France, Spain, Iran, Poland, Prague, Hungary, Australia, and the United States are among the countries involved. The Trichomonas gallinae genetic sequence in racing pigeons from Mosul has been discovered for the first time in the GenBank database, revealing a 100% match with other countries sequences. This discovery reveals the pathogen worldwide dissemination and interconnection, aiding in the development of effective diagnostic procedures, preventive measures, and targeted treatments. The discovery also emphasises the need for cooperation in monitoring and regulating the spread of the infection, supporting a collaborative strategy against avian diseases.

The present study aimed to compare the reproductive outcomes after the blind application of the standard Ovsynch and Presynch Ovsynch protocols on Egyptian Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during the breeding season. Fifty multiparous Egyptian buffalo cows of an unknown stage of the estrous cycle were randomly divided into two groups: 1) the standard Ovsynch protocol (first GnRH (G1) at d0, PGF2a at d7 , and second GnRH; G2 56 h later and 2) the pre-synch Ovsynch (G6G-Ovsynch) protocol (PGF2a and GnRH 2 days apart 6 days before starting G1 of the standard Ovsynch). Cows were subjected to timed artificial insemination (TAI) 16 and 40 h after the G2 injection in both groups. Blood sampling and ovarian transrectal ultrasonography were performed at three time points, PGF2a, G2, and 2 days after G2. Serum progesterone (P4) (ng/mL) concentrations were significantly higher in the G6G-Ovsynch group than in the Ovsynch group at the time of PGF2a and two days after the G2 injection, but they were lower (P ? 0.05) at the G2 injection. The Vascularity index of the corpus luteum (CL) and dominant follicle (DF) wall area (%) were higher (P ? 0.05) in the G6G-Ovsynch group compared to the Ovsynch group. The ovulatory response indicated by the presence of CL at d7 was significantly higher in G6G-Ovsynch than in Ovsynch (73 vs. 51%, respectively). Moreover, a higher (P ? 0.05) pregnancy rate was observed in G6G-Ovsynch than in the Ovsynch group. In conclusion, the blind application of the G6G-Ovsynch improved the ovulatory response in the early stages of the synchronization protocol and raised the pregnancy rates in Egyptian buffaloes.

Despite the fact that zinc is recognized to be less hazardous than other heavy metals, e.g., cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic, it may cause acute and chronic toxicities in cases of exposure to high doses. To investigate the biochemical and histopathological toxic effects of zinc acetate on rats kidneys. Twenty-five healthy male albino rats were divided into five equal groups: Normal saline solution was given to the control group; groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 received zinc acetate (4, 8, 12, and 24 mg/kg), respectively. All the treatments were given intraperitoneally once every other day for 3 consecutive weeks for serum biochemical evaluation and renal histopathological assessment. There was a significant increment in serum urea concentration in group 5 in comparison with other groups, but there was no significant difference in creatinine concentration between all of the groups (P = 0.01). Histopathological examination of kidney sections of rats of different groups revealed different lesions that were more severe in the 4th and 5th groups. In conclusion, subacute zinc acetate toxicity produced dose-dependently significant effects on serum urea concentration in all the treated groups without any significant effects on creatinine concentration. This effect was reflected in renal histo-architecture, which was more severe in the 4th and 5th groups.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of aloe vera raw extract on the capacitation of bovine spermatozoa during the in vitro fertilization process. Hyper activated motility (HAM) and acrosome reaction (AR) of sperm cells, as well as in vitro fertilization and cleavage rates are the main parameters used to estimate the aloe vera’s effect on bovine spermatozoa’s fertilizing ability. In the current study, two different concentrations of aloe vera (5 and 10 µg/ml) were used. Frozen thawed semen spermatozoa were subjected to a swim-up technique to separate the motile spermatozoa and capacitated in modified Sperm Tyrode’s albumin lactate pyruvate (S-TALP) medium supplemented with heparin only without aloe vera treatment (positive control), heparin+5µg/ml aloe vera, heparin+10µg/ml aloe vera, and finally the negative control tube, which was supplemented with 5µg/ml aloe vera without adding heparin. Sperm cells were incubated for 90 minutes at 39C0 in a 5% CO2 incubator and evaluated every 30 minutes at intervals. Cumulus oophorus complexes (COCs) were matured in a 5% CO2 incubator at 39C0 and inseminated in vitro with frozen-thawed bull sperm at the above concentrations. The inseminated oocytes were incubated at 39C0 in a 5% CO2 incubator for 24 hours and then examined for evidence of fertilization. The current study revealed that the aloe vera concentration of 10µg/ml at incubation time (60 minutes) had the best effect on sperm capacitation and acrosome reactions. The overall percentage of spermatozoa with progressive motility (PM) had declined across all groups as time progressed, with a significantly lower value found at the above concentration, as well as the effect of sperm treated with aloe vera on fertilization rate. The results showed that the proportion of fertilized oocytes was significantly increased at the aloe vera concentration of 10µg/ml compared to the other concentrations (5µg/ml), positive control, and negative control, respectively. In conclusion, treatment of bull spermatozoa with 10 µg of aloe vera extract/ml semen was considered the most efficient concentration for enhancement of sperm capacitation as a high IVF rate was obtained in Holstein Bull.

The spleen is essential for immunological responses to infections that are carried in the blood. The study aimed to investigate the gross anatomy, topography, histology and scanning electron microscopy of the spleen in the dromedary camel fetus (Camelus dromedarius). Fifteen camel foetuses aged 87–418 days were used to examine the prenatal development of the spleen. Standard anatomical, histological, and scanning electron microscopy procedures were applied. Anatomically, the spleen was situated medially to the ribs, caudally to the stomach, and on the caudolateral side of the abdominal cavity. It had C-shaped surfaces with rough surfaces and serrated edges. In the first and second trimesters, the spleen was dark brown and grayish in the third trimester. Histologically, the capsule was made of very thin mesenchyme connective tissue, and the parenchyma had a sporadic distribution of many cell types in the first trimester. The capsule displayed thick, dense, irregular connective tissue with descending trabeculae made up of collagen fibers and bundles of smooth muscle fibres in the second and third trimesters. The parenchyma in the second and third trimesters was presented as white and red pulps. Megakaryocytes were detected in all samples. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the spleen is lined with mesothelial cells separated by reticular connective tissue fibers. The reticular cells in the cordal gaps, marginal zones, and parietal sheath were relatively small in the first trimester of gestation. In the second and third trimesters, the reticular cells formed a network where dendritic macrophages and lymphoblasts were present. Medium-sized and tiny lymphocytes were seen. The results revealed that the spleen of the dromedary camel fetus was shown to have well-developed characteristics in the second and third trimesters of gestation. Also, the development of the camels spleen was comparable to that of other mammalian species but with unique traits and characteristics.

The present study is intended to detect internal parasites in faecal samples of local sheep in Kirkuk province, Iraq, through the period between March and the end of November 2022. where, 130 blood and faecal samples were collected and different laboratory investigations were carried out in the laboratory of the parasite, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kirkuk. The result indicated that 110 sheep (84.6%) were infested with gastrointestinal parasites. Most of the cases (64.3%) were mixed parasitic infestations, whereas (40.8%) were single parasitic infestations. at the following frequencies: (47.27%) Nematodes, (30.90%) Protozoa, (14.54%) Trematodes, and (7.27%) Cestodes. Haematological analysis results showed a significant decrease in red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit. Normocytic hypochromic anaemia was detected in the infected sheep. A significant increase in leukocyte counts is due to increases in lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes. Results as well indicated a significant decrease in total protein, albumin, However, ALT, AST, and total bilirubin were elevated markedly. It has been concluded that GIT parasites have an adverse negative effect on animal health. Therefore, the rapid diagnosis and treatment of infected animals has become one of the priorities for maintaining the health of diseased animals.

The focus of this overview was to elucidate the different kinds of stresses that influence cell survival, growth, and cellular functions, in addition to cellular quiescence and cellular suicide, as well as how the cell tries to respond to these stressful stimuli. A cells cycle is a sequence of developments that enables a cell to replicate every component of itself, divide into two nearly identical new cells, and endow each with the information and resources it needs to repeat the process. For tissue homeostasis, the ideal stabilization of proliferation of cells, demise of cells, and the proportion of positive to negative signals determines if the cell is alive or dead. Cells could indeed cope with adverse conditions in an assortment of ways, from triggering long-term survival strategies to establishing the demise of cells, which ultimately expel dead cells. The kind, intensity, and time frame of the stress, plus the kind of cell, all play a significant role in determining whether cells mount a defensive or destructive response to stress. This review will talk about the consequences of cellular responses to stress and discuss a range of stressful situations and the degree to which the animals cells react to multiple exhausting factors ranging from the physiologically programmed advancement of cells to cellular senescence and/or a variety of pathological disorders.

Growth of the avian small intestine initiates during embryogenesis through simultaneous and compound histogenesis proceedings. The histological study of the small intestine development in local chicken and duck embryos followed a protocol of paraffin embedding technique, and the tissues were stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. The histological study was divided into three age periods, which showed that the walls of the three parts of the small intestine were similar with some differences. The first period in chickens showed that the mucosa had small folds, while the duck had very close folds. The second period in chickens showed that the villi had equal height and width with an elongated columnar epithelium and the presence of Paneth cells; tunica muscularis consisted of two thin muscular layers, the middle circular and outer longitudinal, interspersed with Auerbachian plexuses and tunica serosa consisted of mesothelial cells. While in the duck, the folds’ epithelium had a brush border, interspersed with goblet cells, and the presence of Auerbachian plexuses between the middle and outer layer of muscularis. At the end of the second period in chickens, the duodenal mucosa contained finger-shaped villi, while in ducks, the submucosa contained the Meissner plexuses, which were elongated oval in chickens and circular in ducks, and there were no Brunner glands in both bird types. The jejunum’s villi were finger-shaped with equal length but shorter than the duodenum’s villi, and there were plicae in its wall. The intestinal crypts formed in two ways: either from undifferentiated embryonic cells or by dividing the crypt into two by bifurcation. The ileum’s villi were shorter and wider in chickens, while in ducks, they were hook-shaped, with the presence of Beyer’s batches. The third period in chicken and duck arrangements an efficient small intestine by the completion of embryogenesis. In conclusion, this combined examination offers a roadmap for researchers to estimate varied investigational data that have gotten at the histogenesis of small intestine growth within the two bird types.

Pesticides are used on a large scale and have become unavoidable in the modern agricultural economy. Tones of them are used on a daily basis for a variety of functions, which are mostly used for agricultural activities. So, what exactly is a pesticide? A pesticide is a chemical substance used to keep undesired plants, animals, and microorganisms from harming humans, animals, and plants. It is a compound or mixture of chemicals designed to repel pests chemically and physically. Pesticides include herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, bactericides, rodenticides, and many others. Using these chemical compounds aids in the battle against pests, allowing us to improve our plants and animals and ensure the safety of the food production process for all people on the globe. However, studies show that abuse and excessive use of pesticides may have serious consequences for human health and the overall ecosystem. Pesticides are used in crops to manage pests, and they leave residues in animal feed. Consequently, as a result of the transportation of agricultural goods and animal products, pesticide misuse can extend hundreds of kilometers beyond the geographical region of usage. The use of pesticides for pest mitigation has become a common practice all around the world. The increase in pesticide use in agriculture has paralleled the increase in the quality and quantity of food products over the years. This article reviews the current evidence on the management of acute pesticide poisoning. Acute poisoning with pesticides is a global public health problem and accounts for as many as 300,000 deaths worldwide every year. Pesticides can impact human health directly through direct exposure to different types of pesticides or indirectly through the use of agricultural products (plants and animal products). The pesticide residues have also been detected in almost all animal products, such as meat, milk, dairy products, and eggs. The aims of this article are to highlight the possibility of pesticide deposition in various animal products and the acceptable range of some common pesticides according to reliable standards.

Bovine Fasciolosis poses significant public health problems and is of great concern for all livestock farmers. Studies on bovine Fasciolosis have been carried out in different abattoirs in Nigeria. However, there is no study on bovine fasciolosis at the Akinyele Central Abattoir, Ibadan. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of bovine Fasciolosis and associated risk factors, the most prevalent Fasciola spp., fluke burden and severity of liver lesions, and the correlation between fluke burden and severity of liver lesions at the Akinyele Central Abattoir, Ibadan. A total of 640 slaughtered cattle were sampled over the course of a year. During the postmortem examination, the liver was examined for the presence of flukes, which were identified at the species level. The flukes in each liver were counted, and liver lesions were classified based on severity. The prevalence of bovine Fasciolosis was 20%, with Fasciola gigantica (78.1%) being the most common species. Fasciolosis in the wet season (26.5%) was significantly (P < 0.05) more prevalent than in the dry season (8.6%). The fluke burden of 3 to 20 flukes (65.6%) was the most prevalent. Most of the livers with Fasciolosis were moderately affected (50%). There was a moderate correlation between fluke burden and the severity of the liver lesion. Bovine fasciolosis is prevalent in Akinyele Central Abattoir, Ibadan, with season being the only identified risk factor. It is recommended that regular deworming be initiated for the control and prevention of bovine Fasciolosis before and after the rainy season.

A bowel obstruction is a common canine problem. This study records acute small intestinal obstruction caused by the ingestion of mango seeds in three dogs. Three adult dogs were admitted to the surgery clinic with a one-day history of colicky abdominal pain, sudden episodes of vomiting, lack of appetite, no defecation, and lethargy. A swollen abdomen and widespread pain, increased bowel sounds, abdominal pain and no fever were discovered during the physical examination. Complete blood count, electrolytes and creatinine were normal. Abdominal radiography revealed many dilated small intestinal loops filled with gases and an intraluminal radio-opaque foreign body. Based upon the clinical and radiological examinations, the dogs underwent exploratory laparotomies. During laparotomy, the duodenum in all dogs was collapsed up to the jejunum, where a firm intraluminal mass was sensed. The proximal small bowel was distended. There were no obvious bowel perforations, ischemia or necrosis. The attempt to break the mass using digital compression was futile. As a result, an enterotomy was performed. Mango seeds were extracted from all dogs. The dogs recovered without compliations and were released three days following the operation. In conclusion, fresh mango seed can become lodged and create a possibly fatal intestinal obstruction in dogs. Early detection and treatment of these dogs can prevent fatal complications. This problem in dogs can be avoided by properly disposing of fallen and rotting mangoes and mango seeds in a rubbish bin rather than throwing them out in the open.

Camel trypanosomiasis is the most significant animal disease in the camel zone of Somalia. The Somali camel is also found in the southern areas of Somalia, which have a high density of vectors, including Glossina. The economic importance of camels in Somalia is well recognized; however, little is known about camel trypanosomiasis, especially in the southern part of the country. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from November 2022 to July 2023 to discuss the importance and prevalence of camel trypanosomiasis in the Lower Juba Region using interviews and blood films, respectively. A total of 126 blood samples from seven herds from three sites in Kismayo district were conveniently collected and microscopically screened for trypanosomes. The seven herders were interviewed for their awareness and the importance of the disease in the area. The overall prevalence was 4/7 (57.1%) and 13/126 (10.3%) at herd and individual levels, respectively. The mean PCV% of the infected camels was (24.85±5.87%) lower than the others (26.64±2.68) with a p-value of 0.053. Significant differences in the prevalence were reported between herds (p-value = 0.005), sites (p-value = 0.005), PCV% (p-value = 0.001), body conditions (p-value = 0.032), and mix-infection with other erythrocytic parasites (p-value = 0.019). Adopting a nomadic system, all the respondents were owners and men, and only one of them was unmarried. The Holy Qur’an was the level of education for all of them. Their knowledge about trypanosomiasis and its importance among other camel diseases, as well as their local names, was discussed. In conclusion, ranking third, camel trypanosomiasis is highly prevalent and moderately important in the region. Molecular studies on trypanosomes and tick-borne pathogens, as well as their socioeconomic importance, are recommended.